Philosophy in Contemporary World

[ This write-up is prepared primarily on the basis of the IGNOU Study material on Epistemology and certain other materials and is provided here for academic reference for students. No originality, authorship or copyright to the above is claimed.  The post in docx format is available  here . This chapter is one of the most important topics in Indian philosophy and is frequently asked in NTA-UGC-NET exam on philosophy ] I. Introduction   Our knowledge of things or ordinary objects of the world is generally expressed in the form of judgements or propositions.   A. What are Truth & Error?   Truth and error are characters of judgements or of propositions which are verbal expressions of judgements.   If there be any knowledge of any thing, which is not or cannot be expressed in the form of judgements, then that knowledge cannot be said to have the character of truth or falsity in it.   In considering the problem of truth and error, we shall be concerned...

  [This write-up is prepared primarily on the basis of the IGNOU Study material on Logic and certain other materials and is provided here for academic reference for students. No originality, authorship or copyright to the above is claimed. The post in docx format is available  here . ] I. Introduction   Categorical syllogism is the essence of traditional logic. This form of inference is called mediate inference because the conclusion is drawn from two premises.   Further, this is called categorical because all propositions involved are categorical.   Since syllogistic inference is nearly identical with deductive inference, an exhaustive analysis of inference is required as a prelude to a proper understanding of syllogism.   II. Reason & Inference   A. What is Reasoning?   Reasoning consists, essentially, in the employment of intellect, in its ability to ‘see’ beyond, and within as well, what is available to senses. ...